副词辨析fairly,quite,rather,very,pretty
这几个词都可表示程度,用法区别如下:
含义上的区别
(1) fairly 语气最轻,尽管经常与褒义词连用,但由于语气较弱,往往不带明显的恭维或赞赏,通常译为"还算"、"相当"。比如要说某部电影 fairly good,指的可能是还勉强过得去,只是没有否定。
(2) quite 语气稍重,意为"颇"或"相当"。要是说某一部电影quite good,那是说这部电影相当不错,虽不是最好,但至少值得看。
(3) rather 或 pretty 在语气上又稍重一点,意为"十分"或"相当" (pretty 不如 rather 正式)。要是说某一部电影 rather / pretty good,指的是这电影相当不错,语气比较重,意指要高出一般水平或出乎意料地好。
两者均可与褒义或贬义形容词连用。与褒义词连用,表示一种愉快的心情;与贬义(包括中性)词连用,表示一种不赞成或不满意的心情。如:a rather [pretty] good play 相当好的戏rather [pretty] poor work 相当差的工作
(4) very 语气最强,意为"很"或"非常"。要是说某一部电影very good,这是说这部电影很不错,算得上是精品之作。
这些词语气的轻重可大致描述为:(not) → fairly → quite → rather / pretty → very
用法上的差别
(1) 以上各词中,只有 rather 可以与比较级以及副词 too (太) 连用。如:It's rather warmer today. 今天暖和多了。
This one is rather too large. 这个稍大了一点。
注:quite 有时也与比较级连用, 但通常只限于 quite better (身体好)这一表达中。
(2) rather 和 quite 有时可直接修饰动词, 而其他几个副词一般不这样用。如:I quite agree with you. 我完全同意你 (的意见)。
We rather like the book. 我们很喜欢这本书。
(3) rather, quite 与"冠词+形容词+名词"连用时, 通常置于冠词之前,有时也可放在冠词之后。但遇此类似情况,very 或 fairly 则只能放在冠词之后(形容词之前)。如:It's quite /rather a good idea. / It's a quite/rather good idea. 那可真是个好主意。
注:若此结构中没有形容词,则 quite 和 rather 则只能放在冠词之前。如:It was quite [rather] a success. 那事相当成功。
(4) 修饰不可分级的形容词(如:right, wrong, ready, full, empty, perfect, impossible, alone, unique 等,通常只用 quite,此时quite 并不表示"相当"或"很",而表示"完全"。如:You're quite right (wrong)。 你完全正确(错了)。
That's quite impossible. 那完全不可能
either...or和neither...nor的用法区别
一、either……or……
either……or……意为"或者……或者……;不是……就是……"之意。表示两者之一,连接句子中两个并列的成分。例如:
When the girl is happy, she either sings or dances.那个女孩高兴时,不是唱就是跳。(此句中either……or……连接两个动词,因为主语是单数第三人称,谓语动词要用其相应的形式。)
either……or……连接两个主语时,其谓语动词应与最近的一个主语在人称和数上保持一致,这就是我们通常说的"就近原则".例如:
Either you or I am going there tomorrow. 明天要么你去那里,要么我去那里。
注意:如果把上句变成一般疑问句,助动词形式与主语you保持一致,所以要用are提问,而不是am.例如:
Are either you or I going there tomorrow? 明天是你还是我去那里?
Either you or he has lunch at school. 其一般疑问句应为:Do either you or he have lunch at school? 是你还是他在学校吃午饭?
若要对either……or……句型进行否定时,只需把either……or……换成neither……nor……即可。例如:
Either you or she is good at drawing. 变为否定句应为:Neither you nor she is good at drawing. 你和她都不擅长绘画。
我们还可以单独使用either,其意为"两者中的任何一个".例如:
There are many shops on either side of the street. 街道两边有许多商店。
或:There are many shops on both sides of the street. 在街道两边有许多商店。
either用在否定句的句末,表示"也"的意思。例如:
If you don\'t go there. I won\'t, either. 如果你不去那里,我也不去。
二、neither……nor……
neither……nor……表示"既不……也不……".其含义是否定的,可连接任意两个并列的成份。例如:
She likes neither butter nor cheese.她既不喜欢黄油也不喜欢乳酪。此句中neither……nor……连接两个宾语。当neither……nor……连接两个主语时,也应遵循"就近原则".例如:
Neither dad nor mum is at home today. 今天父母都不在家。
若将neither……nor……句型变为肯定句,只需把neither……nor……改为both……and……即可,同时谓语动词必须用复数形式。例如:
Both dad and mum are at home today. 今天父母都在家。
还可以单独使用neither作主语,表示"两者中没有一个".例如:
Neither of them likes football. 他们俩都不喜欢足球。
neither或nor还有另外一种用法,就是当表达一个人没有做某事,另一个人也没做同一类事时,可用neither或nor进行简略回答,其结构为:Neither / Nor+助动词 / 情态动词 / be动词+主语。例如:
He doesn\'t go to school by bike. Neither / Nor do I. 他不是骑自行车上学,我也不是。
They didn\'t go to the park yesterday. Neither / Nor did we. 昨天他们没去公园,我们也没去。
[更多例句]
either you come in person ,or you entrust someone with the matter你要么自己来,要么就托人办理这件事in a position like this one can neither stand up nor lie down处在这样的位置,一个人既不能站直,也不能躺倒
You can come either on Monday or Sunday. You can speak either English or hinese Either you are mad, or I am (要么你疯了,要么我疯了
I can neither speak nor write French =Neither can I speak French nor can I write it
You can come either on Monday or on Tuesday.you or I am going swimming tomorrow. I can neither read nor write=I can't read or write.
It is neither hot nor cold in winter here. 这里冬天既不热也不冷。
There is neither river nor stream nearby. 附近既无河流也没小溪。
He does not do it, nor does he try. 他没有做, 也没尝试一下。
She can't get there at four, nor can I. 她不能在四点钟到那里, 我也不能。
He doesn't like sports, nor do I .
such…that…和so…that…的用法区别
such…that…和so…that…
such…that…与so…that…都可以用来引导结果状语从句,意为"如此……以致……"
(1)such是形容词,它所修饰的名词可以是可数名词,也可以是不可数名词;名词前面可以带形容词,也可以不带。如果其后是单数可数名词,前面需加不定冠词a或an.因此,such…that…的句型结构可分为以下三种:
①such+a(n)(+adj.)+单数可数名词+that从句。如:
She is such a good teacher that all of us love and respect her.她是一位很好的老师,我们都敬爱她。
Table tennis is such an interesting game that people all over the world play it.乒乓球是一项很有趣的运动,以致全世界的人都参加这项运动。
②such(+adj.)+复数可数名词+that从句。如:
They are such interesting books that I want to read them once more.这些书非常有趣,我想再读一遍。
③such(adj.)+不可数名词+that从句。如:
It was such bad weather that I had to stay at home.天气太坏,以致我不得不呆在家里。
(2)so是副词,与形容词或副词连用,其结构是:so+adj.(adv.)+that从句。如:
He ran so fast that I couldn't catch up with him.他跑得那么快,我赶不上他。
I am so sleepy that I can hardly keep my eyes open.我太瞌睡了,眼睛几乎睁不开了。
注意:
①当名词前面有many,much,few,little等表示数量多少的限定词时,应该用so,而不能用such.如:
There were so many people in the street watching the fire that firefighters could not get close to the building.街上围观大火的人太多了,消防队员无法靠近大楼……
②当单数名词前有形容词时,既可用so,也可用such,但不定冠词的位置却有所不同。如:
This is such an important meeting that you should attend it.(=This is so
important a meeting that you should attend it.)这是一次很重要的会议,你一定要参加。
cost,spend,take的用法区别
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一、根据主语辨析虽然三者均可表示"花费",但所用主语不同:cost 的主语通常是事或物(包括形式主语 it),不能是人;spend 的主语只能是人,不能是事或物;take 的主语可以是事或物(包括形式主语 it),也可以是人。如:
The computer cost (me) $2000. 这台电脑花了(我) 2000 美元。
It costs $1000 a year to run a car. 使用一辆车每年要花1000美元。
I have spent all day looking for you. 我花了一整天找你。
It took me an hour to write the letter. 我写这封信花了一个小时。
The letter took me an hour (to write)。 (译文同上)
I took an hour to write the letter. (译文同上)
注:若 cost 不是表示"花费",而是表示客观上地或被动地"耗费",则也可用人作主语。如:
Smokers cost the government a lot of money every year. 抽烟的人每年要耗费政府不少钱。
二、根据宾语辨析
cost 的宾语通常是钱,take 的宾语通常是时间,而 spend 的宾语则可以是时间或钱。如:
How much did it cost to build the bridge? 建这座桥花了多少钱?
It took her two hours to walk to the station. 走路去车站花了她两小时。
He spends much time (money) on books. 他花了很多时间读(钱买)书。
注:cost 有时也用于时间,但通常只用于笼统时间(一般不用于具体明确的时间)。如:
Making experiments like this costs much time and labour. 做这样的实验要花很多时间和劳力。
按传统语法,take 的宾语通常是时间,但在现代英语中,用钱作其宾语的现象已很普遍。如:
It takes a lot of money to buy a house. 买一座房子要花一大笔钱。
三、根据句型辨析
从句型结构来看。三者的通常句型为:
sth costs (sb) money 某物花某人多少钱
it costs (sb) money to do sth 做某事花某人多少钱
sb spends time (money) on sth 某人在某一方面花多少钱
sb spends time (money) in [on] doing sth 某人在做某事方面花多少钱
it takes sb time (money) to do sth = it takes time (money) for sb to do sth 做某事花某人多少时间或钱
sth takes sb time (money) to do 某事花某人多少时间或钱去做
sb takes time (money) to do 某人花多少时间或钱去做某事
四、根据语态辨析
三者在表示"花费"时,cost 不能用于被动语态,take 通常不用于被动语态,而 spend 则可以用于被动语态。如:
误:Thirty dollars was cost by the coat.
误:Two hours was taken to do the work.
正:Two hours was spent on the work. 做这工作花了两个小时。
五、根据引申义辨析
三者均可用于比喻用法中,但含义不同:
1. cost 指付出代价(劳力、麻烦、精力、生命等)。如:
Careless driving will cost you your life. 粗心开车会要你的命。
Just ring him up. It'll cost you nothing. 给他打个电话,这不费什么事。
2. spend 表示"消耗""用完"。如:
I'll spend no more breath on him. 我不会再和他费唇舌。
He spent great efforts to help me. 他费了很大的劲儿来帮我。
3. take 表示需要人力(精力、劳力等)。如:
It takes patience. 做这工作需要耐心。 It takes two to make a quarrel. 一个巴掌拍不响。
It took three men to lift the box. 抬这个箱子要 3 个人。
名词辨析cloth, clothes, clothing
◆cloth n.
1. 表示"布"、"衣料",是不可数名词。如:She bought some cloth to make herself a dress. 她买了些布要给自己做一件连衣裙。
再如:a piece of cloth(一块布),three yards of cloth(3码布),a roll of cloth(一卷布)等
2. 表示用作某种特殊用途的布(如:桌布,台布,揩布等),是可数名词。如:Clean the windows with a soft cloth. 用块软布擦窗子。
再如:a tablecloth(桌布),a dishcloth(洗碟布),a face cloth(洗脸毛巾)等。
◆clothes n.
1. 表示"衣服",是一个没有单数形式的复数名词,其前不可加不定冠词,也不可加数词,但可用 some, these, those, many, few等词修饰。如:正:those clothes / few clothes / many clothes误:a clothes / two clothes / three clothes
2. 可受定语修饰,表示不同用途的衣服。如:school clothes (校服),sports clothes(运动服),work(ing) clothes(工作服)等。
3. 表示一套衣服,通常借助 suit.如:a suit of clothes(一套衣服),two suits of clothes(二套衣服)等。
◆clothing n.
1. 表示"衣服"的总称,是一个不可数的集合名词。如:They wear very little clothing. 他们衣服穿得很少。
We need warm clothing for the winter. 我们需要暖和的衣服过冬。
2. 表示一件衣服,通常用 article.如:A coat is an article of clothing. 上衣是一件衣服。
「注」有时也用 piece of, item of 等。如:three pieces [items] of clothing 三件衣服
含有what 的常用习语总结
1. So what? 那又怎么样?
If I say I won't go with you, so what? 如果我说不跟你一起去,那又怎么样?
2. What about? 有关什么呢?
-Could I have a word with him? -What about? He is busy now.
--我可以同他谈谈吗? --谈什么呢?他正忙着呢。
3. What about……? 你认为……怎么样?
What about going out for a walk? 出去散散步怎么样?
4. What for? 为什么?
-Do you happen to have twenty dollars with you? -What for? -I want to buy a reference book.
--你身上有二十美元吗? --干什么? --我想买一本参考书。
5. What then? 下一步怎么办?
We've finished this task at last and what then? 我们终于完成了这项任务,下一步怎么办?
6. What else? 还有别的什么?
-He said he liked you very much. -What else? --他说他很喜欢你。 --他还说了别的什么?
7. What if……? 如果……怎么办?
What if he comes here to ask for you tomorrow? 如果他明天来这儿要求见你怎么办?
8. and what not 等等;诸如此类
You had better take with you your shirts, shoes, caps and what not. 你最好随身带上衬衫、鞋、帽子等诸如此类的物品。
9. what's more 加之;而且
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He studies very hard, and what's more, he is ready to help others. 他学习勤奋、刻苦,而且还乐于助人。10. what's worse 更糟糕的是
We were very tired at that time, and what's worse, it was raining heavily. 那时我们已经精疲力竭了,更糟的是,天还下着大雨。
11. what's what事情的真相;事情的来龙去脉 I beg you to tell me what's what. 我恳求你告诉我事情的真相。
12. what is called 所谓的 Mary is what is called a modern girl. 玛丽就是所谓的现代女孩。
13. What's up? 怎么啦?出了什么事了?
There are so many people standing there. What's up? 那么多人站在那里,出了什么事了?
14. I'll tell you what. 我告诉你一个好主意。
Don't be so worried. I'll tell you what. 不要如此着急。我告诉你一个好主意。
especially,specially,particularly用法辨异
一、强调程度时当用于形容词或副词前,强调程度(通常译为"特别")时,三者都可用。如:
It is particularly [especially,specially] cold today. 今天特别冷。
I was feeling particularly [especially, specially] tired this evening. 今天晚上我特别累。
有时还可修饰动词。如:
I especially [particularly, specially] want to see that film. 我特别想看那部电影。
二、强调目的时当用于强调目的(意为"特意","专门")时,通常用 specially 或 especially,一般与表目的的不定式或介词 for 短语连用。如:
I was asked specially to meet her. 特意要我去接她。
We bought it specially [especially] for you. 这是我们特意为你买的。
The book is written especially [specially] for children. 这本书是专门为孩子们写的。
三、表示列举时当用于陈述某一事实之后,列举一个具有代表性的例子作进一步强调时,一般用 especially,有时也用 particularly,其后可接名词、介词短语、从句等。如:
We want to invite some friends, especially Jim and John. 我们想邀请几个朋友,尤其是吉姆和约翰。
Noise is unpleasant,especially when you're trying to sleep. 噪音是令人不愉快的,尤其是当你想入睡的时候。
The children enjoyed watching the animals,especially [particularly] the
monkeys. 孩子们喜欢观看动物,尤其是猴子。
alive,living与live的 区别
三者均可表示"活着的",区别如下:
1. alive 主要用作表语(有时可用作后置定语,但不用作前置定语),可用于人或动物。如:
He must be still alive. 他一定还活着。
He's the happiest man alive. 他世上最幸福的人。
注:若 alive 本身有修饰语,则也可用作前置定语。如:
He is a really alive student. 他的确是一个十分活跃的学生。
2. living 可用作表语或定语,可用于人或物。如:
Are your grandparents still living? 你的祖父母还健在吗?
Both plants and animals are living things. 动物和植物都是生物。
alive 和 living 表示"活着的",两者含义很接近,只要句法适合,有时可互换。如:谁是当代最伟大的诗人?
正:Who is the greatest living poet?
正:Who is the greatest poet alive?
若需严格区分,两者仍有差别:living 通常是客观描述某人"尚在人间"或"健在",而 alive 则主要指生与死的"界限"。如:
He was still alive when I reached the hospital. 当我赶到医院时他还活着。
3. live 通常只用作定语(前置),可用于动物或植物,但一般不用于人。如:
He bought some live fish. 他买了几条活鱼。
Only a few live trees were left after the fire. 火灾之后只剩下几棵树还活着。
whatever,whoever,whiche ver引导名词性从句
一、基本用法概说
英语中的-ever 词主要包括 whatever, whoever, whichever, whenever, wherever, however 等,其中可引导名词性从句的主要有whatever, whoever,whichever.这里所说的名词性从句主要指主语从句和宾语从句,它们通常不用于引导同位语从句,同时也很少用于引导表语从句。如:
Whatever he said was right. 无论他说什么都是对的。(引导主语从句)
I don't believe whatever he said. 无论他说什么我都不信。(引导宾语从句)
在某些特定的语境中,也可用于引导表语从句。如:
What he wants to get is whatever you have. 他想得到的是你所拥有的一切。
二、whatever引导的名词性从句
whatever的意思是"所……的一切事或东西",可视为what的强调说法,其含义大致相当于anything that,whatever在从句中可用作主语、宾语、定语。如:
Do whatever she tells you and you'll have peace. 她叫你干什么你就干什么,那你就太平了。
I don't believe in letting children do whatever they like. 我不赞成让孩子为所欲为。
Goats eat whatever food they can find. 山羊找到什么食物就吃什么食物。
三、whoever引导的名词性从句
whoever的意思"任何……的人",在意义上大致相当于 anybody who.whoever在从句中可用作主语或宾语。如:
I'll take whoever wants to go. 谁想去我就带谁去。
Whoever says that is a liar. 说那话的人是个骗子。
She can marry whoever she chooses. 她愿意嫁谁就嫁谁。
I'll give the ticket to whoever wants it. 谁想要这票,我就把它给谁。
Tell whoever you like - it makes no difference to me. 你爱告诉谁就告诉谁吧,对我是无所谓的。
注:whoever既用作主语也可用作宾语(作宾语时不宜用whomever,因为在现代英语中whomever已几乎不用)。另外,注意以下受汉语意思影响而弄错的句子:谁赢了都可以获奖。
误:Who wins can get a prize.误:Anyone wins can get a prize.正:Whoever wins can get a prize.正:Anyone who wins can get a prize.
四、whichever引导的名词性从句
whichever的意思"……的那个人或事物",在意义上大致相当于 the person or the thing that.whichever在从句中可用作主语、宾语或定语。如:You can pick whichever one you like. 你喜欢哪个就挑哪个。
Whichever of you comes first will receive a prize. 你们谁第一谁就能得奖。
We'll eat at whichever restaurant has a free table. 哪个饭馆有空桌我们就在哪儿吃吧。
Whichever of us gets home first starts cooking. 我们当中无论哪个先到家,哪个就先开始做饭。
五、引导状语从句的用法
whatever, whoever, whichever除用于引导的名词性从句外,还可用于引导状语从句,分别相当于 no matter what, no matter who, no matter which.如:I'll stand by you whatever [=no matter what] happens. 无论如何我都支持你。
Whoever [=No matter who] wants to speak to me on the phone, tell them I'm busy. 不管谁要我接电话,就说我现在正忙。
Whichever [=No matter which] you buy, there is a six-month guarantee. 不管买哪个都有六个月的保修期。