★ 一般现在时
一、一般现在时表现在
⒈ 表示现在经常性或习惯性的动作。
如:My sister wears glasses. 我妹妹戴眼镜。
He often goes to the cinema. 他经常去看电影。
注意:询问某人的习惯时,有时还可用ever。
如:“Do you ever eat meat?”“你吃肉吗?”
“No, I never eat meat.”“从不吃肉。”
⒉ 表示现在(或经常性)的情况或状态。
如:Mother is ill. 母亲病了。
He is always like that. 他总是那样。
He likes living in the country. 他喜欢住在乡下。
We need a lot of money. 我们需要一大笔钱。
⒊ 表示现在的能力、特征、职业等。
如:He sings well. 他唱歌唱得好。
Mr.Smith teaches French. 史密斯先生教法语。
⒋ 表示客观真理、科学事实、格言以及不受时间限制的客观存在。
如:Summer follows spring. 春去夏来。
Knowledge is power. 知识就是力量。
The earth turns around the sun. 地球绕着太阳转。
二、一般现在时表将来
⒈ 当主句为将来时态或表示将来意义时,时间和条件的状语从句必须用一般现在时表将来。
如:I'll write to her when I have time. 我有空会给她写信。
Turn off the lights before you leave. 走前关灯。
If we hurry, we may catch the bus. 如果赶紧走我们可能赶得上公共汽车。
Tell me in case you get into difficulty. 遇到困难请告诉我。
① 除表示时间和条件的状语从句外,表示让步、相似、比例的从句也必须用一般现在时表示将来。
如:I'll follow him wherever he goes. 他去哪儿,我就跟着去哪儿。
Whatever you say, I won't pay. 无论你说什么,我都不会付钱。
Whether we help him or not, he will fail. 无论我们帮他与否,他都会失败。
I'll have a good time whether I win or lose. 赢也好,输也好,我都将会玩好。
The more you eat, the fatter you will become. 你吃得越多就会越胖。
② 另外,当主句为用将来时态时,定语从句也通常用一般现在时表将来。
如:I'll give you anything you ask for. 你要什么我都给你。
You can have anything I find. 我找到的任何东西你都可以拿去。
Everyone who comes first will get a present. 每个先来的人都可得到一份礼物。
科限量广件司东元46a2-公软d2fb技学有途网优升慧 ⒉ 按照英语习惯,一个句子中若主要动词已经表明了所谈论动作的时间,那么与之相关的其他动词就不必再次指明同一时间,而往往使用一个比较简单的时态,如用一般现在时表示一般将来时等。比较。
如:This discovery means that we will spend less on food.这一发现意味着我们将减少在食品上的花费。
This discovery will mean that we spend less on food. 这一发现意味着我们将减少在食品上的花费。
⒊ 在make sure(弄清楚),make certain(弄清楚),take care(注意,当心),be careful(注意,当心),mind(注意),watch(注意)等后的that从句中通常也只用一般现在时表示将来意义。
如:Take care that it does not occur again. 注意别再发生这样的事。
We must take care that no one sees us. 我们必须注意别让人看见我们。
Make sure you come back soon. 你要保证快点回来。
Be careful that you don’t hurt her feelings. 当心别伤了她的感情。
Watch that the baby doesn’t go near the heater. 注意别让宝宝接近加热器。
Mind you read the examination questions carefully before you begin to answer them. 在答题前要注意仔细阅读考题。
★ 一般过去时
一、概念
一般过去时用来表示过去某一时间内发生的动作或存在的状态以及过去习惯性、反复性的动作。谓语动词要用动词的过去式,常和表示过去的时间状语连用,如 yesterday 昨天、last night昨晚、last week上周、last year去年、…ago等。
二、结构
⒈ Be动词的一般过去时
在没有实义动词的句子中使用be 动词am is的过去式为was,are的过去式为were,was是表示单数,were是表示复数。
肯定句式:主语+be(was,were)其它
否定句式:主语+be(was,were)+not其它
一般疑问句:Be(was,were)主语+其它?
⒉ 实义动词的一般过去时态肯定句要使用动词的过去式,否定句和疑问句要使用助动词did.
肯定句式:主语+动词(过去式)+其它
否定句式:主语+didn't+动词(原形)+其它(did not=didn't)
一般疑问句:Did+主语+动词(原形)+其它(do,does的过去时均为did)
注:did和didn't是构成一般过去时的助动词,其特点是要在其后跟动词的原形。
三、规则动词的过去式
⒈ 一般情况下,在动词原形后面加-ed
如:looked,played,started,visited,stayed
⒉ 以不发音e结尾的动词,在词尾直接加-d
如:lived,closed,liked,loved,tasted
⒊ 以“辅音字母+y”结尾的动词,先将y改为i再加-ed
study→studied,try→tried,cry-→cried,copy→copied,carry-→carried
⒋ 以重读闭音节(即辅音+元音+辅音)或r音节结尾,未尾只有一个辅音字母的动词,要先双写这个辅音字母后,再加-ed
如:stop→stopped,plan→planned
四、不规则动词的过去式需特殊记忆
⒈ is→was, am→was, are→were, do→did, have→had
⒉ begin→began, ring→rang, run-→ran, drink→drank, sing→sang, swim→swam, sit→sat, give→gave, make→made, come-→came, eat→ate
⒊ write→wrote, speak→spoke, drive→drove, choose→chose, tell→told, ride→rode, shoot→shot, get→got, win→won, forget→forgot, shake→shook, take→took, stand→stood
⒋ go→went, meet→met, sleep-→slept, sweep→swept, spell→spelt, feel→felt,keep→kept, spend→spent, bend→bent
⒌ know→knew, fly→flew, blow→blew, grow→grew, throw→threw, draw→drew, 特别注意:glow→glowed
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⒍ teach→taught, catch→caught, buy→bought, fight→fought, think→thought
⒎ find→found, hear→heard, say-→said, lie→lay, see→saw, learn→learnt, mean→meant
⒏ put→put, read→read, cut→cut, let-→let
五、一般过去时的用法
⒈ 表示过去某个特定时间发生的动作或存在的状态常有明确的时间状语,如yesterday,last night,some years ago,in 1890等,以及由when等引导的时间状语从句。
如:Tom didn't come to class yesterday.汤姆昨天没来上课。
We went to dance last night.昨晚我们去跳舞了。
Hello! I didn't know you were in London.How long have you been here?喂!我不知道你在伦敦。你来多久了?
⒉ 表示过去的习惯性或经常发生的动作,常与always,often,usually,seldom等表示频度的副词连用。
如:Then I was in the countryside,I often called on my old friends there.我在乡村里,经常去拜访那里的朋友。
I went to the cinema once a week when I was at school.我上学时每周去看一场电影。
注意:表示过去经常或反复发生的动作,还可用used to 或would加动词原形表示。
如:When I stayed at Aunt Liu's,she would tell me about the great changes which had taken place in the village since liberation.当我住在刘大娘家时,她常常告诉我解放以来农村发生的巨大变化。
She used to go for a walk after supper,but now she prefers to stay at home.她过去晚饭后总出去散步,但现在她却真欢呆在家里。
⒊ 用来代替过去将来时。
在条件、时间状语从句中,常用一般过去时代替过去将来时。
如:They said they would let us know if they heard any news about him他们说如果听到什么关于他的消息,就通知我们。
He promised that when he went to the bookstore,he would buy me a book.他答应去书店时为我买本书。
He said he would not go if it rained.他说如果天下雨就不去了。
They told us that they would not leave until she came back.他们告诉我们,直到她回来他们才会离开。
★ 一般将来时
一般将来时表示将来某一时刻的动作或状态,或将来某一段时间内经常的动作或状态。
一、一般将来时的三种意义
⒈ 预测(prediction):表示说话人认为将会发生某件事,即是表示猜测将来某事发生的可能性
如:It will rain later.一会会下雨。
⒉ 事先计划(future plan):表示说话人在头脑里已经做定将来要做某件事
如:My holiday is so long ,I am going to travel.
⒊ 意愿(willingness):表示说话人既不是预计某事将会发生,也不是预计经过考虑决定将做某事,而是在说话的时刻立即估出决断表明他将去做某事
如:Someone is knocking at the door.
I will go and open it.
二、一般将来时的结构
将来时常常和表示将来的时间状语连用。英式英语第一人称用shall,第二、三人称用will,而美式英语则不管什么人称,一律用will。
如:tomorrow(明天),next week(下周),from now on(从现在开始);in the future(将来)等。
⒈ 主语+be going to do表示主观的打算或计划。
⒉ 主语+shall/will +do sth其否定式 shall not 和will not的缩写式分别为shan't和won't。
⒊ be 主语+to do 表示客观安排或受人指示做某事或已安排好要在将来发生的事,是比较正式的用法。
如:They are to go on a strike on July 8
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She is to be married next month.
You are to finish your homework before you go to play.
⒋ 主语+be about to do,意为马上作某事,不能与tomorrow,next week等表示明确将来时的时间状语连用,意思为“正要,马上就要”。
如:The train is about to leave.
Sally has her hand on the doorknob.She is about to open the door.
⒌ 用现在进行时表示位置转移的动词(如:go,come,leave,start,arrive等),可用现在进行时表示将来时。
如:Uncle Wang is coming.王叔叔就要来了。
They're leaving for Beijing.他们即将前往北京。
三、一般将来时的用法
⒈ 预测
① will表将来预测。我们对will 非常熟悉,因为它通常被作为一般将来时态的代言人。其最典型的用法就是对未来进行预测会发生什么。
美国《时代》周刊在其网站发布了对21世纪做出各种展望预测,下面是一些例子:
Will we travel to the stars?我们能够进行星际旅行吗?
Will we clone a dinosaur?我们能克隆恐龙吗?
Will the brain understand itself? 大脑能理解自己吗?
Will we live on Mar?我们会生活在火星吗?
Will women still need men?女人还需要男人吗?
Will China be Number One?中国会成为全球霸主吗?
② be going to表示将来预测
如:Look at those black clouds, and there is going to rain. 这满天的鸟云,要下雨了!
Its not going to snow again tomorrow, is it? The weather forecast says it will be warm all week.明天不会再下雪了吧。天气预报说这一周都会很暖和的。
③ Will do和be going to do都有表示预测,但be going to do比 will do有更多的证据支持,而且事件发生的时间更近,will 所表示的动作发生的时间可近可远。由于be going to是一个现在时态的形式,因此,它所表示的对将来行为的预测往往暗示与现在有联系,而且是在说话后不久就将发生的。所以当有现在的证据可以支持预测时,或者说根据目前的明显迹象来推断某件事将要发生时,我们就要用be going to,而不宜用will do.
如:Look at the time. I am going to miss my bus.
Don't worry, I will drive you to the stop.And if the bus has already left, I can get you to your apartment.
The traffic is terrible. We are going to be date. by the time we get to the airport, bob's plane will already have arrived, and he will be wondering where we are.这显然是说话人在车里,看着当时路上拥堵的交通状况,做出了要迟到的预测。
You look very pale. I am sure you are going to go sick.你看起来很苍白,我想你肯定是要生病了。你看起来脸色苍白是生病的迹象。
④ be going to do往往还表示当前已有迹象表明说话者无力控制的即将发生的行为。
如:Help! I am going to fall!救命呀,我要掉下去了。
Oh,my dear!They are going to drive into that tree.
Hurry up!The cup is going to drop.
⑤ will 用于在某种条件下某事才会发生的情况。所以,在带有条件或时间状语从句的主句中,我们通常用will 表示预测,而不用be going to。
如:You will feel better,when you take this medicine.吃了这些药,你就会感觉好些的。
If you don't hurry up,he won't wait for you any more.
If you speak more, your English will be better and better.
Be going to do除了有推测的意思,我们最熟悉的一个用法就是常用它来表示计划或打算。说话人已经在头脑里早做出决定将来要做某件事,并且往往还含有已经为这一行为做了某些准备的意思。又因为只有人才能有主观的思维意识去对将来的行为做出计划,因此,be going to do表示计划或打算时,为人称主语。人称主语既有推测的用法,也有表示计划与打算。如果是非人称主语,be going to不会是表示计划打算,而是推测。
如:The tree is going to fall down,as the wind is so strong.
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Look!The book is going to be burnt.Do you mind turning the TV off?I am going to make along distance call,it is hard to hear if the TV is on.你介意把电视关掉?我想打个长途电话,电视开着很难听清楚。
She have just bought a computer,she is going to learn how to surf online.
He made a lot of mistakes in his study, his mom is going to be very angry.
⑥ Be going to do表示说话人对未来行动的计划或打算,通常是经常事先考虑并含有已经为这一行动做了某些准备的意思。will do表示意愿,表示在说话的时刻立即做出决定将去做某事,事先并没有经过考虑,更没有为这一活动做出事先的准备。
如:A:Why are you taking the camera?
B:I am going to take some pics.
A:the box is too heavy
B:I will help you to carry it.
A:I have left my watch upstairs.
B:I'll get it for you.
⑦ 当机立断的决定,我们只能用will来表达。这一般是表示说话人事先并不知道,而是随着谈话的进展,在得知了新信息之后才做出的决定。这不是在预测,更不是在预先计划。
比较总结如下:
如:Husband:There isn't any milk in the fridge.
wife:I will buy some after work.
用will表明这是当机立断的决定,指丈夫先发现没有牛奶,告诉她之后,她才决定去买奶。
Husband:There isn't any milk left in the fridge.
wife:I am going to buy some after work.
用be going to表明这是预先计划好的决定。意指她先发现没有牛奶,并已经决定去买牛奶,然后她丈夫才发现。