高考英语——大纲规定的语法梳理之时态(2)

2019年04月23日 浏览:

★ 现在进行时

一般现在时(The Present Indefinite)表示现在成为习惯或经常性的动作;现在进行时(The Present Continuous)则表示现在正在进行的动作。

一、现在进行时的构成

肯定句:主语 + am/is/are + 现在分词……

否定句:主语 + am/is/are + not + 现在分词……

疑问句:Am/Is/Are + 主语 + 现在分词……?

疑问代词/疑问副词 + am/is/are + 主语 + 现在分词……?

二、现在进行时的肯定句

句型:主语 + am/is/are + 现在分词……

构成方式:

如:They are cleaning the house.他们在打扫屋子。

He is brushing his teeth.他正在刷牙。

Mother is waiting for me.母亲在等我。

三、现在进行时的否定句

句型:主语 + am/is/are + not + 现在分词……

现在进行时的否定句是在助动词am/is/are后加not:

如:I'm not doing anything right now.我现在没做什么事情。

She is not dancing, but doing exercise.她不是在跳舞,而是在锻炼。

四、现在进行时的疑问句

一般疑问句句型:Am/Is/Are + 主语 + 现在分词……?

回答方式:Yes,主语 + am/is/are.

No,主语 + am/is/are + not.

⒈ 现在进行时的疑问句是将助动词am/is/are置于主语之前(大写am/is/are的第一个字母),在句尾加问号,这种语序是倒装语序。

如:Are you leaving already? 你这么早就要走了吗?

—Is it raining now? 现在下雨吗?

—Yes,it is./No,it isn't. 是的,在下雨。/不,不下了。

—Are they helping the old lady? 他们在帮助这位老妇人吗?

—Yes,they are./No,they aren't.是的。/不,没帮助她。

⒉ 特殊疑问句句型:疑问代词/疑问副词 + am/is/are + 主语 + 现在分词……?

现在进行时的特殊疑问句是将疑问代词/疑问副词等置于助动词am/is/are之前(am/is/are的第一个字母无需大写),和一般疑问句差不多;这种语序是倒装语序。就主语提问时,将疑问代词或带有疑问限定词的名词词组置于助动词am/is/are之前,在句尾加问号,这种语序是陈述句语序。

如:—Who are you waiting for? 你在等谁?

—I'm not waiting for anybody.我没在等谁。

—What are you doing? 你在干什么?

—I'm just tying up my shoelaces.我在系鞋带。

—What are you looking for? 你在寻找什么?

—I'm looking for my keys.我在找钥匙。

—What time are you coming back? 你打算什么时候回来?

—I'm not sure what time I'm coming back. 我不能肯定我将在什么时候回来。

—What's your brother planning to do tomorrow? 你兄弟明天打算做什么?

—He can't decide what to do. 他还没定要做什么。

—Where are you going? 你到哪去?

—I'm going home. 我回家去。

—How are you feeling today? 你今天感觉怎样?

—I don't feel very well this morning. 今天早上我感觉不太舒服。

由于使用了be动词,因此进行时的否定句和疑问句的构成方式与be动词的否定句和疑问句的构成方式相同。

五、现在进行时的基本用法

⒈ 表示说话时正在进行的动作。常和now连用,有时和动词如look,listen等连用,表示“现在”这一概念。

如:Listen! Birds are singing.听!鸟在歌唱。

Look! he train is just getting into the station.看!火车进站啦。

He is reading now.他在看书。

The house is being painted.房子正在上油漆。

② 表示现阶段正在进行着的动作。现阶段正在进行着的动作,不一定指说话时正在进行着的动作。常和at present(目前),this week(本周),these days(这几天)等时间状语连用。

如:We're looking for a house to rent for the summer.我们在找一栋房子想租一个夏天。

Are you trying to find a furnished house? 你是想找一栋有家具的房子吗?

What courses are you studying this term? 你这学期学哪几门课?

⒉ 表示当前的动向

如:People are getting less tolerant of smoking these days.如今人们对吸烟较为难以容忍了。

Houses are costing more these days.如今房价越来越贵了。

She is resembling her mother more and more as the years go by.随着年龄的增长,她越来越像她母亲了。

⒊ 表示事先计划好的动作(指将来)。表示一个在最近按计划将进行的动作或为将来安排好的活动,通常需要一个表示时间的状语。

如:We are spending next summer in England.我们将要在英国度过明年夏天。

I'm getting married tomorrow.我明天就要结婚了。

用arrive(到达),come(到来),go(走、离去),leave(离开)等动词的现在进行时描写行程安排,有“将到达”和“将离去”的意思:

如:He's arriving tomorrow morning on the 7:30 train.明天早上他将乘7时30分的火车到达。

Christmas is coming soon.圣诞节很快就到了。

I'm leaving England and going to live in Spain.我将离开英国去西班牙定居。

⒋ 重复的动作。副词always(表示屡次),repeatedly(再三地),forever(老是、不断地)等可与进行时连用,表示不断重复的动作。

如:She's always helping people.她经常帮助别人。

He's always causing trouble.他总是在制造麻烦。

The little boy is forever asking questions.这小男孩老是没完没了地问问题。

六、一般现在时和现在进行时的区别

⒈ 一般现在时表示经常性的动作;现在进行时表示暂时性的动作。

如:—Do you ever eat meat? 你平常吃肉吗?

—No,I never eat meat. 不,我从不吃肉。(习惯、经常性的动作)

I'm eating meat now.我正在吃肉。(暂时性的动作)

My brother always forgets to wash behind his ears.我弟弟老是忘记洗耳后根的地方。

⒉ 现在进行时有时可代替一般现在时,表达说话人的某种感情色彩,与always,forever连用。

如:Our burglar alarm is forever going off for no reason.我们的防盗报警器不知怎么常常失灵。(含有抱怨的意思)

You are always forgetting the important thing.你总是把重要的事情忘掉。(表达不满情绪)

软-根司习有方广c69d慧科优96858012限71d8cc21元bcc3技件公5f6d东法网bff0得升智学智途 How are you feeling today? 你今天感觉怎样? (比How do you feel today? 显得更亲切些。)

★ 过去进行时

过去进行时(The Past Continuous)主要表示过去某个时刻正在进行的动作,由be动词的过去式加现在分词构成。

一、过去进行时的构成

肯定句:主语+was/were+现在分词……

否定句:主语+was/were+not+现在分词……

疑问句:Was/Were+主语+现在分词……?

疑问代词/疑问副词+was/were+主语+现在分词……?

二、过去进行时的肯定句

句型:主语+was/were+现在分词……

过去进行时的构成方式:

如:All the pupils were writing their homework in the classroom then.那时,所有的小学生都在教室里写作业。

By the time we got there,it was already getting dark.等我们赶到那里时,天已经黑下来了。

三、过去进行时的否定句

句型:主语+was/were+not+现在分词...

过去进行时的否定句是在助动词was/were后加not,后接现在分词。

如:They were not playing basketball,but playing volleyball.他们不是在打篮球,而是打排球。

四、过去进行时的一般疑问句

句型:Was/Were+主语+现在分词...?

回答方式:Yes,主语+was/were...

No,主语+was/were+not...

过去进行时的一般疑问句是将助动词was/were置于主语之前(大写was/were的第一个字母),在句尾加问号;这种语序是主语和谓语倒装语序。

如:—Were you having dinner when they came?他们来的时候,你们是否在吃饭?

—Yes,we were./No,we weren't.是的,在吃饭。/不,不在吃饭。

五、过去进行时的特殊疑问句

⒈ 句型:疑问代词(主语)+was/were+现在分词……?

疑问代词/疑问副词+was/were+主语+现在分词……?

过去进行时的特殊疑问句是将疑问代词/疑问副词置于助动词was/were之前(was/were的第一个字母无需大写),和一般疑问句差不多,在句尾加问号;这种语序是主语和谓语倒装语序。就主语提问时,将疑问代词或带有疑问限定词的名词词组置于助动词was/were之前,在句尾加问号;这种语序是陈述句语序:

如:—Who was singing last night?昨晚是谁在唱歌?

—Tom was singing last night.(就主语提问)是汤姆。

—What was she doing when he called?当他来访时,她在做什么?

—She was reading when he called.她在看书。(就宾语提问)

What was that man doing in your room?那个男人在你房间里做什么?(就宾语提问)

⒉ 现在进行时和过去进行时的构成方式的比较:

六、过去进行时的基本用法

⒈ 表示过去某个时刻或某一阶段正在进行的动作

常和表示过去时间的状语如then(那时),at this(that)time(在这时/那时),yesterday(昨天),last year(去年)等连用。但在不少情况下,没有表示时间的状语,此时需通过上下文来表示。

如:—What were you doing at about 4 o'clock yesterday afternoon?昨天下午4点钟左右你在做什么?

—I was listening to music.我在听音乐。

Jane was working on her homework last night.简昨晚在写作业。

⒉ 在某事(动作)发生前开始的动作

过去进行时和一般过去时经常在一个句子里使用。用过去进行时表示过去正在进行的动作。过去进行时可用于主句,亦可用于从句。

如:Just as I was leaving the house,the telephone rang.我正要出门,电话铃响了。(用于从句)

He broke his leg when he was playing football.他踢足球的时候把腿伤了。(用于从句)

She was reading when he called.他来访时,她正在看书。(用于主句)

⒊ 表示同时进行的动作

如:While you were writing letters,I was reading a book.你写信的时候,我在看书。

While we were having breakfast,John was talking on the telephone.我们吃早饭的时候,约翰在打电话。

⒋ 表示过去将来的动作

过去进行时亦可表示从过去某时间看将要发生的动作。常用在间接引语中。

如:She was leaving early the next morning.第二天一早她就要离开此地了。(从过去某时间看)

She asked whether he was coming back for lunch.她问他晚饭是否回家来吃。(用于间接引语中)

We were coming to see you,but it rained(so we didn't).我们本预备来看你,只是下雨了。

⒌ 表示客气的询问

用过去进行时比用一般过去时更客气,更不肯定。

如:I was wondering about it.我对那事感到疑惑。

I was wondering how to get there quickly/where to spend the weekend.我想知道怎样才能迅速到达那里/在何处度周末。

七、过去进行时和一般过去时的区别

过去进行时表示过去某时正在进行的动作,强调动作的连续性。一般过去时表示一个完成的动作,即用一般过去时只表示有过这件事或比较短暂的动作:

如:He talked to his girlfriend on the phone yesterday.昨天他和女朋友通过电话。

He was talking to his girlfriend on the phone when I came in.我进来时,他在和女朋友通电话。

It rained yesterday.昨天下过雨。(不一定是一整天)

★ 过去将来时

一、过去将来时的定义

过去将来时主要用于表示过去某个时候看来即将发生的动作或存在的状态。

如:He said he would come here next Friday. 他说他下周星期五来这儿。

I knew that he would help us when we were in trouble. 我知道当我们陷入困境时它会帮助我们。

二、过去将来时的结构

⒈ would + 动词原形。

如:She told us that she would try her best to catch up with other classmates this term. 她告诉我们说她将一切努力在本期赶上其他同学们。

When you asked Li Lei for help, he would never refuse you. 过去当你请她帮忙时,他绝不会拒绝。

⒉ was / were going to + 动词原形。

如:He told us that he was going to attend the meeting. 他告诉我说他要参加那次会议。

He said that I was going to be sent to meet her at the railway station. 他说将要拍我去火车站接她。

⒊ was / were to + 动词原形。

如:The building was to be completed next month. 这座建筑改在下个月竣工。

Li Lei was to arrive soon. 李蕾很快就要到了。

⒋ was / were about to + 动词原形。

如:We were about to leave there when it began to rain heavily and suddenly. 就在我们要离开时,天突然下起了大雨。

He was about to have lunch when the bell rang. 就在他要吃中饭的时候,门铃响起来了。

有方件34de5b27技优96858012广c69d网bff0得8e62科94a2是学智途费慧限71d8cc21软-根升智方东法元bcc3公5f6d司习 ⒌ was / were +现在分词。

如:He was leaving the next day. 他第二天要走了。

We were informed that the leaders were coming to our school soon. 我们接到通知说领导们很快要来我们学校。

三、过去将来时的用法

⒈ 过去将来时,一般用于主句为过去时的宾语从句中。

如:He said he would stay with us. 他说他要与我们呆在一起。

He said he would never go there again. 他说他绝不会再去那儿。

⒉ 过去将来时,用于虚拟语气中。

如:If I were you, I would not do that. 要是我是你的话,我就不会那样做。

If he were here, he would show us how to do it. 如果他在这儿,他就会向我们展示该如何做了。

四、拓展

was / were going to + 动词原形;was / were to + 动词原形;was / were about to + 动词原形等结构都可表达当时一种未曾实现的意图或打算。

如:The conference was going to be held the next month. 会议下个月开。

We were to have our class at eight. 八点我们该上课了。

I was about to tell him about it when Wu Dong got in. 就在我要告诉他时,吴东进来了。

★ 将来进行时

将来进行时(The Future Continuous)表示将来某一时刻或某一阶段内将要发生的动作。将来进行时由“shall/will + be动词 + 现在分词”构成。shall用于第一人称,will用于各种人称。

一、将来进行时的构成

将来进行时由shall be+现在分词(第一人称),will be+现在分词(第二、三人称)构成。

肯定句:主语 + shall/will + be + 现在分词……

否定句:主语 + shall/will + not + be + 现在分词……

疑问句:Shall/Will + 主语 + be + 现在分词…….?

疑问代词/疑问副词 + shall/will + 主语 + be + 现在分词……?

现以动词work为例,将来进行时的肯定式、否定式和疑问式列表如下:

二、将来进行时的肯定句

句型:主语 + shall/will + be + 现在分词……

将来进行时的肯定句由助动词shall/will加助动词be再加现在分词构成:

如:Hurry up! The guests will be arriving at any minute! 快!客人就要来了。

We shall be landing in Paris in sixteen minutes.我们将在16分钟后在巴黎机场降落。

三、将来进行时的否定句

句型:主语 + shall/will + not + be + 现在分词...

将来进行时的否定句是在助动词shall/will之后加not:

如:The train won't be leaving until one.火车1点钟才开。

Anyhow, you won't be playing for the next few Saturdays.无论如何,后几个星期六你不许再玩了。

四、将来进行时的一般疑问句

句型: Shall/Will + 主语 + be + 现在分词...?

回答方式:Yes,主语 + shall/will + be + 现在分词...

No,主语 + shall/will + not + be + 现在分词...

将来进行时的一般疑问句是将助动词shall/will置于主语之前(大写shall/will的第一个字母),在句尾加问号;这种语序是倒装语序:

如:—Will you be remaining in the city? 你将来会留在这个城市吗?

—Yes,I shall be(remaining in the city).是。

—Will they be coming this way? 他们会顺着这条路来吗?

—No,they won't be(coming this way).不,不会从这条路来。

—Will you be coming tomorrow? 你明天会来吗?

—I guess so.我想会来的。

五、将来进行时的特殊疑问句

句型:疑问代词/疑问副词 + shall/will + 主语 + be + 现在分词...?

将来进行时的特殊疑问句是将疑问代词或带有疑问限定词的名词词组置于助动词shall/will之前(shall/will的第一个字母无需大写),和一般疑问句差不多;这种语序是倒装语序。就主语提问时,将疑问代词或带有疑问限定词的名词词组置于助动词shall/will之前,在句尾加问号;这种语序是陈述句语序:

如:—Who will be looking after Joe? 谁来照管乔?

—Don't worry! Mr. Frith will be looking after him. He said he would.别担心!弗里斯先生会照管他的。他说他会的。

—What time will she be arriving?她什么时候到达?

—She will be arriving at about 8:30 tomorrow morning.她大概明天上午8点半到达。

—How long will you be staying here?你将在这里住多久?

I'll be staying here for half a year. 我将在这里住半年。

六、将来进行时的用法

⒈ 表示将来某一时刻或某一阶段内将要发生的动作。一般只用于动态动词,不能用于静态动词:

如:She'll be leaving at about seven.她将在7点钟离开。

I'll be waiting for you at the gate.我将在大门口等你。

Be sure to come. We'll be expecting you.一定要来,我们要等你的。

⒉ 表示将来某一段时间内持续发生的动作

如:I shall be staying here about a week.我将在这里住一星期左右。

He will be working in Geneva during the summer vacation.暑假期间他将在日内瓦工作。

We'll be using this book next term.我们下学期将用这本书。

⒊ 用于现代英语口语中,表示“纯粹”的将来该时态比一般将来时显得语气委婉:

When will you be visiting us again? 你什么时候再来拜访我们? (比较委婉)

When will you visit us again? (一般说法)

He will be attending the lecture this evening.他今晚将要去听讲座。(单纯表示将来)

He will attend the lecture this evening.他今晚打算去听讲座。(一般说法,表示意图)

They will be arriving here tomorrow.他们明天就要到达此地。(陈述将来的事实)