★ 定语从句
一、含义
⒈ 定语从句：
在主从复合句中，充当主句的定语成分，用于修饰某一名词、代词或名词短语的从句叫定语从句。定语从句一般紧跟在它所修饰的词之后。
⒉ 先行词：
被定语从句修饰的词叫先行词。
⒊ 关系词：
引导定语从句的词叫关系词。在定语从句中代替先行词并充当一定的成分。关系词有关系代词和关系副词。关系代词有that，which，who,whom,whose等，在从句中作主语、宾语、定语和表语;关系副词有when,where，why等，时间、地点、原因状语。
关系词的选择由先行词的意思及先行词在从句中充当的成分决定。
二、定语从句的结构
三、关系代词引导的定语从句
⒈ who指人，在定语从句中作主语或宾语(口语或非正式文体中，可省略)。
如：That is the teacher who teaches us physics.
⒉ whom指人，在定语从句中做宾语，可省略。
如：Li Ming is just the boy (whom) I want to see.
⒊ which指物，在定语从句中做主语或宾语，做宾语时常可省略。
如：Football is a game which is liked by most boys.
⒋ that指人时，相当于who或whom;指物时，相当于which。在定语从句中作主语或宾语，作宾语时常可省略。
如：He is the man that/who lives next door.
Where is the man (that/whom) I saw this morning?
The season that/which comes after spring is summer.
The dress (that/which)Ann bought doesn't fit her very well.
⒌ whose指人、物皆可，在定语从句中做定语，表“某某的”。
如：I visited a scientist whose name is known all over the country.
常用以下结构来代替：
The house whose windows are broken is empty.
The house the windows of which are broken is empty.
We went to see our teacher whose husband lost his life in the earthquake.=We went to see our teacher,the husband of whom lost his life in the earthquake.
⒍ 限制性定语从句中，当先行词被such,the same修饰时，关系代词用as，译作“像……一样的人或物”。
如：He wished to be such a man as Lei Feng was.
I've never heard such stories as he tells.
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注意：the same.…as和the same...that结构的句意不一样。如：This is the same book as I read last week.
This is the same book that I read last week.
四、特殊用法
⒈ “介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句
关系代词在从句中作介词宾语时，可以把介词放在从句中有关动词的后面，使关系代词紧跟它所修饰的先行词，也可以跟介词一起放在从句与主句之间，此时，指物只能用which，指人只能用whom，关系代词是所有格时用whose。
如：The school(which/that)he once studied in is very famous.
The school in which he once studied is very famous.
This is the boy (whom/who/that)I played tennis with yesterday.
=This is the boy with whom I played tennis with yesterday.
① 含有介词的动词短语一般不拆开，介词仍放在短语动词的后面。
如：look for,look after,take care of 等。
② 介词的选择
⑴ 与从句中谓语动词的搭配相关
如：This is the book on which I spent 10 yuan.
This is the book for which I paid 10 yuan.
⑵ 与先行词的搭配相关
如：I will never forget the time during which I spent my childhood in the country.
⑶ 与所表达的意义相关
The colorless gas without which we can not live is called oxygen.
③“介词+关系代词”前还可有some,any,none,all,both,neither,many,most,each，few等代词或者数词，表示先行词的部分或整体。
如：He loves his parents deeply,both of whom are very kind to him.
⒉ that和which在指物时一般可以互换，但在下列情况中，一般用that而不用which
① 先行词本身为everything,nothing,something,anything,little,few,much,all,none,some all,the one等不定代词时
如：Everything that he said was true.
② 先行词被all,every,any,no,some,few,little,much,the very(恰恰，正好),the only等修饰时
如：This is the very grammar book(that)I want to buy.
③ 先行词是序数词、形容词最高级或被序数词、形容词最高级修饰时
如：This is the best that has been used against pollution.
④ 先行词被the only,the very,the last修饰时
如：This is the very book that belongs to him.
⑤ 先行词既有人，又有物时
如：He mentioned the people and things that he saw in his trip.
⑥ 先行词前面有who,which等疑问代词
如：Who is the girl that you spoke to just now?
⑦ 主句是there be结构，修饰其主语的定语从句用that(先行词为物)
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如：There is a book on the desk that belongs to my sister.
⑧ 先行词在定语从句中做表语，而关系代词在从句中也做表语时。
如：She is no longer the sweet girl(that)she used to be.
⒊ that和who在指人时一般可以互换，但当先行词是he,she等人称代词，以及one，ones,anybody,anyone,all,none,those等不定代词时，一般用who,不用that。
如：Those who want to go to the cinema will have to wait at the gate of the school.
五、关系副词引导的定语从句
⒈ when在定语从句中作时间状语(=in/at/on/during+which)
如：I'll never forget the day when/on which I first met you.
Great changes are taking place in the city where/in which they live.
⒉ where在定语从句中作地点状语(=in/at/on+which)。
situation(情景)，case(实例)，point(阶段)，Internet，stage(阶段)等表抽象“地点”的名词作先行词时，关系副词选择where。
如：The school where/in which my son studies is near a park.
The Internet,where we can search for a large amount of information,has become an indispensable part of many people's life.
⒊ why在定语从句中作原因状语(=for+which)。
如：There are many reasons why/for which people like traveling.
六、限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句
如：The teacher told me that Tom was the only person that I could depend on.
China is a country which has a long history.
His mother,who loves him very much,is strict with him.
I have been to Hangzhou,which is a very beautiful city.
⒈ 非限制性定语从句引导词的选择(不能用that)
① 先行词指人，在从句中作主语，用who
如：His mother,who loves him very much,is strict with him.
② 先行词指人，在句中作宾语，用whom
如：His wife,whom you met at my horme,was a teacher.
③ 先行词指物，在句中作主语或宾语，用which
如：Her house,which was built a hundred years ago,stood still in the earthquake.
④ 先行词指人或物，在句中作定语，用whose
如：The book,whose cover is red,is mine.
⑤ 先行词在句中作时间状语，用when
如：The sports meeting will be put off till next month,when we will have made all the preparations.
⑥ 先行词在句中作地点状语，用where
如：The next day we arrived in New York,where we were interviewed on the radio.
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⑦ 先行词作介词的宾语，介词+whom/which
如：The girl,with whom he is familiar,is a football player.
The Second World Warin which millions of people were killed,ended in 1945.
⒉ 关系代词as和which引导的非限制性定语从句
① as和which 都可以在定语从句中做主语或宾语，代表前面整个句子(从句谓语动词要用第三人称单数)。
如：He married her,as / which was natural.
He is honest,as/ which we can see.
② as引导的非限制性定语从句可以放在主句之前、主句之后，甚至还可以分割主句，常常有“正如、正像”的含义。which引导的非限制性定语从句，先行词是整个句子时，只可放在主句之后，意为“这一点”。
如：As is known to all,China is a developing country.
John,as you know,is a famous writer.
He is from the south,as we can see from his accent.
Zhang Hua has been to Paris more than ten times,which I don't believe.
⑴ 当主句和从句之间存在着逻辑上的因果关系时，关系词往往只用which。
如：Tom was late for school again and again,which made his teacher very angry.
⑵ 若非限制性定语从句中的谓语动词是be said,be known,be expected,be reported，等结构时，不论是在句首、句中还是句末，都必须as用来引导。
如：We won the game as we expected.
③ 以the way为先行词的限制性定语从句常由in which或that引导，而且通常可以省略。
如：The way (that/in which)he answered the questions was surprising.