一、主语从句的概念与连接词
作主语的从句叫主语从句,它是名词性从句之一。引导主语从句的连接词有:
1. 从属连词that,whether。
That they were true sisters was clear from the facial resemblance between them. 很明显,她们的确是亲姐妹,她们的脸型很相似。
Whether he’ll come here isn’t clear. 他是否会来这里还不清楚。
2. 连接代词who, whom, whose, what, which, whoever, whatever, whichever。
What she did is not yet known. 她干了什么尚不清楚。
Whoever comes is welcome. 不论谁来都欢迎。
3. 连接副词 where, when, how, why。
How this happened is not clear to anyone. 这事怎样发生的,谁也不清楚。
How and why he suddenly disappeared remains a mystery. 他怎么又为什么突然消失仍然是个迷。
【特别注意】
连词that引导的主语从句,通常用形式主语it代替主语从句。
软费限有点优习ff01公东网df1c-9ff0广件ae9c技元费a1af42eb途学升慧司的学科 连接代词(副词)引导的主语从句,可以用形式主语it代替主语从句,也可直接放在句首使用主语从句。
主语从句通常都是放在句首,但有时为了使句子结构平衡,避免"头重脚轻",常用it作形式主语,而把从句放在后面。这样就构成了下面一些常用句型:
(1)It is + n. / adj. +从句
It is a pity/shame that... 遗憾的是……
It is possible that... 很可能……
It is unlikely that... 不可能……
It is a pity that she has made such a mistake. 她犯了这样一个错误,真是遗憾。
(2)It +不及物动词+从句
It seems/appears that... 似乎……
It happened that... 碰巧……
It seems that they have won the game. 似乎他们赢得了比赛。
(3)It + be +过去分词+从句
It is said that... 据说……
It is known to all that... 众所周知……
It is reported that... 据报道……
It is believed that... 据信……;人们相信……
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It is suggested that... 有人建议……It must be pointed out that... 必须指出……
It has been proved that... 已证明……
It is believed that at least 20 buildings were damaged or destroyed. 据信,至少有二十座楼房遭到破坏或彻底毁掉。
It is suggested that the meeting should be put off. 有人建议会议延期召开。
It’s reported that three people were killed in the accident and five were hurt badly. 据报道,事故中三人丧生,五人重伤。
It is known to all that Taiwan is an inseparable part of China. 众所周知,台湾是中国不可分割的一部分。
二、主语从句三要素
1. 从句用陈述语序
How he became a great scientist is known to us all. 众所周知他是如何成为一名伟大的科学家的。
2. 谓语动词一般用单数。当主语是从句时,主句谓语一般用单数。
Whatever he says is of no importance. 无论他说什么都不重要。
Whoever says that is wrong. 无论谁说这话都不对。
【特别提醒】
但谓语动词用单数还是复数,不可一概而论,而要视句子的意义而定。
What I need is money. 我需要的是钱。
What I need are books. 我需要的是书。
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3. 通常不能省略关联词
That he is the best student in the class is obvious. 很明显,他是班里最好的学生。
三、学习主语从句应该注意的几个问题
1. 引导词that与what
what既有引导主语从句的作用,同时又在从句中作句子成分(主语、宾语、表语等)。这时what相当于all that/everything that...,常译成"所……的(东西、事情、话等)";而that只起连接作用,本身无实际意义,在从句中也不担当任何句子成分。但that引导的主语从句放在句首时,不能省略that。
What is done can’t be undone. 已成定局,无可挽回。
What we can’t get seems better than what we have. 我们得不到的东西似乎比已得到的要好。
That we should work out a plan to deal with the present serious situation is important. 我们应该制订一个计划来应付目前严峻的形势,这一点非常重要。
That a new teacher will come to teach us geography is true. 一位新老师将来教我们地理,这是真的。
2. 引导词if和whether
(1)whether之后可以直接跟or not,而if 则不能。
I don’t care whether or not your car breaks down. 我不知道你的车是不是坏了。
但是不可以说:
I don’t care if or not your car breaks down.
(2)whether引导的从句一般不可以为否定结构(选择问句的后一部分除外);而if则可以跟否定结构。
I don’t care if she doesn’t come. 我不在乎她来不来。
但是,在某些动词或形容词之后,则可以用whether引导一个否定结构的句子,这种结构往往表示肯定的含义。
I wonder whether he doesn’t think too much of himself.=I think he does think too much of himself. 我想他没有为自己考虑太多。
(3)在个别动词之后,如discuss 等,只跟用whether引导的宾语从句。
They discussed whether they should close the shop. 他们讨论是否应该关掉商店。
(4)whether 可以引导从句作介词的宾语,而if则不能。
I’m not interested in whether they’ll go or not. 我对他们会不会去不感兴趣。
(5)whether可以直接跟动词不定式连用,而if则不能。
I didn’t know whether to laugh or to cry. 我不知道是要笑还是哭。
(6)引导主语从句(包括从句在句首的位置)应当用whether,不用if。
Whether it is true remains a problem. 这是不是真的还是一个问题。
3. 其他引导词
连接代词who, which, whom, whose有各自的意义,起连接作用,并在从句中充当语、宾语、表语、定语等;连接副词when, where, why, how等有各自的意义,起连接作用,并在从句中充当状语。
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三、语气
在It is necessary / natural / important / strange...+ that-clause这类句型里,that所引导的主语从句中谓语动词用"should +原形",表虚拟语气。
It is necessary that the problem should be settled at once. 这个问题必须马上解决。
It’s strange that he should have gone away without telling us. 他竟然没向我们说一声就走了,真是奇怪。
四、以it作形式主语的主语从句与强调句型的区别
"It be + adj./n. + that-clause"与强调句型均有It be...that...之类的语言标志,但不同的是:(1)前者中的that从句是主语从句。若删掉其中的It be和that,则剩余部分不论结构还是语意都不能成为一个句子;但若将后者中的It be和that去掉,则剩余部分的结构和语意仍能构成一个完整的句子。(2)强调句型译为汉语时可加上"正是……"或"就是……"之类的字眼,而主语从句则不可以。请比较下面两个句子:
It is surprising that Mary should have won first place. 令人惊奇的是玛莉竟然获得了第一名。
It is Mary that has won first place. 正是玛莉得了第一名。
第一句话中的It是形式主语,that引导的是主语从句,句中的It is和that无法删除,一旦删除,句子就不成立;第二句是强调句型,其中的It is和that可以去掉,因为没有It is和that句子仍然完整。
来源:高中园地
编辑:小徐